The agreement includes the construction of a plant within 14 months in the province Azua (south) to use oil from native varieties of brush such as jatrofa and higuereta, which haven’t any use so far since the oil they produce is toxic.

The agreement includes the Surfuturo Foundation, which will promote the establishment of plantations in the country’s poorest region, with the guarantee for farmers who raise the crops to be bought by the future plant.

Globasol executive Jose Vicente Galindo said the plant’s maximum production of 100,000 tons per year would require plantations totaling 60,000 hectares.

Attending the signing ceremony were Spain ambassador Diego Bermejo and Asturias region president Vicente Alvarez Areces, who concludes his first official visit to the country today.

 SOURCE: DOMINICAN TODAY

The world’s first commercial-scale seawater-based biofuels project boosts Egypt’s aquaculture profile. (Photo: Global Seawater).

EGYPT, Tuesday, April 13, 2010, 00:40 (GMT + 9)

Houston-based energy projects development company Energy Allied International and the Seawater Foundation and Global Seawater, Inc, pioneers in the development of Integrated Seawater Agriculture Systems (ISAS), have signed an MOU to develop the world’s first commercial-scale seawater-based biofuels project in Egypt: “New Nile Co.”

It will be one of the largest biofuels investments thus far in the Middle East or Africa.

ISAS is an advanced biofuels production model that uses effluent from seawater aquaculture as a natural fertilizer to grow large plantations of the halophyte (naturally salt resistant plant) salicornia, which can yield hefty volumes of high-grade vegetable oil for use as a biofuel feedstock.

“Energy Allied International’s expertise in developing large scale energy projects in the Middle East and Africa, tied with the Seawater Foundation’s and Global Seawater’s extensive knowledge of developing and operating ISAS models, is a winning combination to ensure the success of the world’s first, commercial scale, seawater-based biofuels project,” stated Dr Carl Hodges, chairman of The Seawater Foundation and co-chairman of Global Seawater.

Unlike first-generation biofuels producers that menace to displace staple foods like corn due to reliance on freshwater and nutrient-rich soil, New Nile will apply the ISAS model, thereby relying exclusively on untreated seawater and currently unproductive arid, desert and degraded lands.

“New Nile Co is poised to launch a great agricultural revolution in Egypt, by making productive use of the country’s abundant agricultural-skilled labour, unlimited access to seawater and vast desert lands,” said Mike Nassar, chairman of Energy Allied.

New Nile plans to produce tens of millions of lts of biofuels from a 50,000 ha-project site. Jointly with leading architecture design firm and the project’s lead planning advisor, Gensler, the developers are presently considering potential site locations along the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts.

Already having successfully applied the ISAS model in Eritrea after conducting broad research and development in Mexico, the developers are secure of achieving similarly favourable results in Egypt.

Besides automotive markets necessitating the use of blended biofuels, New Nile will target the European civil aviation market. The latter is put through strict European Union (EU) regulations, and aviation will enter the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in 2012.

New Nile’s developers are currently discussing potential project site locations with the Egyptian Government and intend to complete the bankable feasibility study this year and being construction in early 2011.

By Natalia Real

SOURCE: FIS

Now with pollution and the very real threat of drying oil wells, car manufacturers and scientists are once again turning to biodiesel fuels in order to solve this problem.

Biodiesel fuel is generally made from vegetable oils (soy being the most popular) or animal fat, either way it is biodegradeable.

Besides this, biofuels emit 60% less net carbon emissions than standard diesel and is partially produced from atmospheric carbon dioxide via photosynthesis [Source: Treehugger]. Sounds great, until you get to the gritty details. Since many of the biodiesel fuels are based on plantlife, increased production of these crops could lead to deforestation. Countries like Brazil are already experiencing these effects. While the expansion itself does not directly lead to deforestation, many of these farms displace ranches. These ranches then must move and build further in forestland. A recent report done by the University of Kassel stated that the expansion of biofuel crops contributes to 41-59% of indirect deforestation [Source: Treehugger] and has endangered species like the flat headed cat in Malaysia. Other than deforestation, another issue concercning biofuels is the food vs. fuel debate. Should biofuels become lucrative to farmers, there may be more crops like corn, soy and sugar grown to create biodiesel instead of feeding the populous. This could in turn lead to a decreased biodiversity in crops and forestlands [Source: The Green Car Website]. To combat many of the environmental and economic concerns, some of the newest biodiesels are made of either camelina or algae.

Camelina

While this plant may seem like a weed, it has grown in popularity for the creation of biofuels. In fact, the US Navy has contracted the use of camelina biodiesel for their new FA-18 Super Hornet [Source: Clean Technica] and Japan Airlines tested ablend of camelina, algae and jatropha blend on a B50 with good results [Source: Biofuels Digest] . The major player in both of these projects is the Sustainable Oils company. Based in the Great Plains region, Sustainable Oils is a partnership between Targeted Growth and Green Earth Fuels. The company focuses on giving farmers information on growing camelina. The company has been incredibly successful and has helped double the amount of camelina acreage in the Great Plains in 2010. Camelina itself is also very easy to grow and can exist in diverse climates. It also requires less fertilizer and pesticides and many insects to do not feed on the plant [Source: Earth2Tech]. Due to these qualities, the plant can be grown in rotation with wheat, helping to increase wheat yields 15% [Source: Ecogeek]. The oil also good for humans as it is high in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants [Source: Wikipedia] and can also be used as food for livestock.

Algae

Out of all of the biodiesels, algae has influential supporters. In January 2010, the Department of Energy announced a $78 million stimulus for advanced biofuels research and fueling infrastructure. $44 million went to the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts (NAABB), which is trying to commercialize algae biodiesel fuels [Source: CNET]. Even ExxonMobil has invested their money into algae biodiesel research, investing $600 million in Synthetic Genomes (the company that mapped the human genome) [Source: Gas2.0]. Unlike other biofuel crops (like corn) algae is extremely efficient at converting carbon dioxide into biomass and does not require much land but to compete with other biofuel crops, algae must minimize fertilizer and freshwater use. Growing algae around wastewater treatment plants or facilities that emit carbon dioxide could help increase the economic viability of algae [Source: Science News]. One company, Aurora Biofuels, has created an algae species that creates 25% oil content daily. With a 50-acre pond, the company could create 100 gallons of oil a day and offer diesel fuel for around $2/gallon to the public [Source: Green Tech Media]. Byproducts of the algae production could also be packaged into pet food in order to cut down on waste.

While camelina and algae are the newest superstars of the biodiesel fuel industry, the fact remains that there are flaws for both crops. Camelina still requires farm land and could lead to more deforestation. Algae is most cost-effective in areas that already exist. Algae grown in uncontrolled environments do not create as much oil yield, which would end up driving algae fuel costs. It’s unclear whether biodiesel fuels can not only replace fuel, but be environmentally friendly as well.

SOURCE: CARE2

Fruits of J. curcas. Fruits are produced terminally in the branches, and each fruit contains three seeds. Image credit: Dr. Wagner A Vendrame, University of Florida at Homestead.

 What if space held the key to producing alternative energy crops on Earth? That’s what researchers are hoping to find in a new experiment on the International Space Station.

The experiment, National Lab Pathfinder-Cells 3, is aimed at learning whether microgravity can help jatropha curcas plant cells grow faster to produce biofuel, or renewable fuel derived from biological matter. Jatropha is known to produce high quality oil that can be converted into an alternative energy fuel, or biofuel(biodiesel).

By studying the effects of microgravity on jatropha cells, researchers hope to accelerate the cultivation of the plant for commercial use by improving characteristics such as cell structure, growth and development. This is the first study to assess the effects of microgravity on cells of a biofuel plant.

“As the search for alternate energy sources has become a top priority, the results from this study could add value for commercialization of a new product,” said Wagner Vendrame, principal investigator for the experiment at the University of Florida in Homestead. “Our goal is to verify if microgravity will induce any significant changes in the cells that could affect plant growth and development back on Earth.”

Launched on space shuttle Endeavour’s STS-130 mission in February, cell cultures of jatropha were sent to the space station in special flasks containing nutrients and vitamins. The cells will be exposed to microgravity until they return to Earth aboard space shuttle Discovery’s STS-131 mission targeted for April.

For comparison studies of how fast the cultures grow, a replicated set of samples are being maintained at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center in Homestead.

“Watching the space shuttle go up carrying a little piece of my work is an indescribable experience,” said Vendrame. “Knowing that my experiment could contribute to creating a sustainable means for biofuel production on Earth, and therefore making this a better world adds special value to the work.”   by Lori Meggs, AI Signal Research, Inc.

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center.

Source: Nasa

A research project will make jet fuel without wasting fresh water or farmland.

A project in the Middle East aims to make jet fuel from saltwater-tolerant crops grown in the desert. Researchers at the Masdar Institute in the United Arab Emirates are starting a two-square-kilometer demonstration farm that will combine fish and shrimp farming with the cultivation of mangrove trees and salicornia, a plant with oil-rich seeds that can be converted into fuel.

 The goal is to produce biofuels without taking away land from food crops or using large amounts of fresh water, which are two of the major shortcomings of conventional biofuels, says Scott Kennedy, an associate professor at the Masdar Institute who is leading the project. The project is supported by several major companies: Boeing, Etihad Airways (the national airline of the UAE), and UOP Honeywell, which will supply technology for converting the biomass to chemical precursors and fuels. The Masdar Institute is part of a zero-emissions city being built in Abu Dhabi, the largest emirate in the UAE.

Kennedy and his colleagues will refine a technique called integrated seawater agriculture. It begins with digging a canal from the sea. That canal delivers water to several stages in the system. First, the researchers pump saltwater into ponds or flow it past cages used for growing shrimp or fish. Ordinarily, such aquaculture is an “environmental disaster,” Kennedy says. The runoff contains large amounts of feces that can cause dangerous algae blooms, for example. But in the Masdar system, the researchers will use that effluent downstream to fertilize salicornia.

Story continues below 

The salicornia is grown in saltwater-irrigated fields, and can be harvested like other crops, such as wheat or rice. The runoff from that irrigation, now saltier and still containing some effluent from the fish and shrimp, together with more water from the canal, is next fed to a stretch of planted mangrove trees, which can grow in that saltier water. The mangrove forest provides a barrier, so that none of the polluted water from the fish farm returns to the ocean. The leaves can also be used as food for the fish.

The oil-rich seeds of the salicornia can be pressed using processing similar to that used for other oil seed crops, such as sunflowers. That oil can then be modified by a proprietary UOP Honeywell process that makes it suitable for blending in jet fuel. The rest of the plant can then be further used to produce liquid fuels, or burned to produce steam for electricity generation.

The fish farms provide both a source of income and a source of fertilizer, which reduces overall carbon emissions, since producing and using fertilizer is ordinarily a major source of carbon emissions in biofuels production. The mangrove forest also sequesters carbon dioxide in its root system. Most biofuels are at best carbon neutral, emitting as much carbon dioxide when they’re produced and burned as the biofuel crops take in as they grow. One of the key parts of the Masdar research project is determining just how much carbon can be economically sequestered.

A version of the system has already been demonstrated in the north African country of Eritrea by Carl Hodges, the founder and chairman of the Seawater Foundation. (He’s acting as a special advisor to the Masdar project.) In that project, the salicornia and leaves from the mangroves were used as animal feed, and some of the oil from the seeds was converted to biodiesel. That project ended as a result of political upheaval in that country, Hodges says, but it demonstrated that the integrated approach could work.

The effort to avoid using fresh water and land that’s used for food “should be applauded,” says Mark Schrock, a professor of biological and agricultural engineering at Kansas State University. But he says it will be important to quickly develop a mechanized means of harvesting the salicornia. This could be a challenge because, although it can be harvested with existing equipment, the plant has high salt levels that could damage these machines, says Wayne Coates, a professor at the Office of Arid Land Studies at the University of Arizona.

It will also need to compete with other biofuels crops. Per acre yields of oil are on par with soybeans (which provide additional economic value from non-oil products), but are just one-eighth the yield of palm oil. The saltwater system, however, has the advantage of not requiring expensive land and water, and it produces its own fertilizer. Kennedy says that initial estimates suggest that fuel produced from salicornia could be competitive with petroleum-based fuels, but warns that detailed studies still need to be done.

Kevin Bullis

Source: Technoloy Review

www.salicornia.net coming soon

As Indonesia is today the world’s largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO) — a desirable feedstock for biodiesel production — it has the potential to grow into a world biodiesel leader and a model for plantation sustainability.

Biodiesel has the potential to become a significant industry sector in Indonesia, supported by two of its most valuable assets: its oil palm plantations, and more importantly, its people. Indonesia currently produces approximately 20 million tons of CPO per year from 7 million hectares of oil palm plantation, of which approximately 80 percent  is exported. 

In terms of revenue, CPO exports provide Indonesia with its biggest non-petroleum source of export income, and this is expected to grow in the future. 

Beyond revenue generation, oil palm plantations also currently provide a livelihood for more than three million Indonesian families.  This, too, is also expected to grow in the future.

By 2015, the area of Indonesian oil palm is expected to increase to 10 million hectares, of which three million hectares have already been approved. 

Studies have shown that the total amount of land that is suitable for growing oil palms, but which has not yet been approved, may be as high as 44 million hectares. 

Using conservative yield estimates, this area of oil palm plantation would produce 145 billion litres per year of biodiesel, or 10 percent  of current fossil diesel demand.  Beyond this significant biodiesel potential is the possibility of providing income to an additional 19 million Indonesian families. 

While these 44 million hectares are considered suitable for oil palm plantations, it is imperative to consider the long-term environmental consequences — including the overall, or life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions — before pursuing any development.

Conscious of the potential environmental impact of oil palm plantation development, new crops which grow on marginal land are being investigated. This greatly reduces the required land-clearing and concomitant “carbon dioxide debt” from the forest destruction. 

One example of such a crop is Jatropha, which has been studied extensively by the Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development.  Recent estimates from the Indonesian National Team for Biofuel Development suggest that as much as 15 million hectares of land in Indonesia are suitable for Jatropha plantations. 

With conservative yield estimates, this land would produce 40 billion litres per year of biodiesel.

From a feedstock perspective, Indonesia certainly has the potential to become a world biodiesel hub, but there are two additional elements that need to be in place — sufficient biodiesel processing capacity and adequate demand, either domestically or internationally.

As with any other investment, biodiesel processing capacity will only develop if it results in a profitable business.  With the spot price of CPO close to US$700 /t, it is not currently economical to produce biodiesel, explaining the large proportion of idle capacity in Indonesia’s current biodiesel production capacity of nearly 3 billion litres per year.

Feedstock cost represents the majority of biodiesel production costs and is the only lever for affecting significantly the profitability of biodiesel production. Securing feedstock supply contracts is an option to lower feedstock cost but prices will still be subject to market volatility, and will also include some margin for the plantation.

Even with a profitable biodiesel business in place, sufficient demand must exist for any biodiesel that is produced. Current demand is driven largely by government biofuel blending mandates, which are currently set at 2.5 percent.  This demand will increase only if the government accelerates the biodiesel blending mandate, or if crude oil prices increase relative to CPO prices, which is unlikely given the recent high correlation between the two.

A third way to accelerate domestic short- to mid-term biodiesel demand while also increasing biodiesel export demand, however, does exist.  Recent advances in biodiesel processing technology have made it possible to use CPO to produce so-called “green diesel” which has superior fuel properties compared to both biodiesel and fossil diesel.  This technology uses a hydrogenation process, similar to that found in modern oil refineries, to upgrade vegetable oil to green diesel.

The superior fuel properties of green diesel means that it can be used as a blending agent to upgrade the quality of the fossil diesel pool at a traditional refinery, and this allows for the possibility of increasing the overall refinery margins in some cases.  Domestically, this means that green diesel can be used in large quantities in place of fossil diesel, thus reducing Indonesia’s dependence on fossil diesel imports.  The implementation of increasingly stringent Euro IV and Euro V fuel specifications in Europe also increases the possibility for the export of green diesel as a blending agent.

While Indonesia has great potential to become a major world player in biodiesel, it is unlikely to be fulfilled unless sustainable plantation practices are followed.  The location where palm plantations are established and the manner in which new palm plantation land is cleared, have a large effect on life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions.

Indonesia is in a strong position to further develop its already significant CPO production into a much larger and more profitable biodiesel industry.

The combination of a rich natural resource base, a dedicated and knowledgeable people and recent advances in biodiesel technology, combine to form a strong base on which to develop Indonesia as a major world player in biodiesel. 

Dr. Bernd Waltermann is a BCG senior partner and managing director and Dr. Henning Streubel is a BCG partner and managing director. Both are based in Southeast Asia.

Source: The Jakarta Post

In justifying its stance the EBB explained that Argentine exports to EU had increased dramatically from less than 5,000 tons in July 2008 to almost 100,000 tons per month in July 2009, a twenty-fold increase. For the whole of 2009, Argentine exports are expected to exceed the 1 million metric tons threshold, as compared to only 70 000 tons the previous year.

This surge in Argentine biodiesel exports to EU is, claims the EBB, driven by a regime of differentiated export taxes (known as DETs). A system which, it says, creates a clear distortion, in the market, and one which needs rebalancing.

The differential between the 32% export tax on soybean oil and the 20% export tax on biodiesel creates a clear financial incentive to process soybean oil into biodiesel rather than exporting it, argues the EBB. This incentive is already substantial on paper, but is even higher in practice. The EBB says it has received indications that the tax differential between soybean oil and biodiesel is in reality in the range of 20% due to a number of ad hoc implementing rules. This information proved difficult to obtain despite EBB repeated contacts with Argentinean authorities and stakeholders.

The EBB is keen to stress that it has always been in favour of an open EU biodiesel market considering the EU’s objective of 10% renewable energy in transport by 2020. However, it is also keen to highlight the discrepancy in the market where Argentine biodiesel enjoys duty-free access to the EU biodiesel market, whereas Argentina levies a 14% customs duty on biodiesel from Europe and other countries.

The EBB is clear that it has to oppose any trade practices that distort competition between European and foreign producers. “EBB takes very seriously the challenge of Argentine biodiesel exports to EU. We stand ready to defend our interests, as we already did successfully against subsidised imports from the United States”, said Raffaello Garofalo, EBB Secretary-General.

In the view of EBB, it would be appropriate for Argentinean authorities to withdraw at the earliest opportunity the DETs regime currently applied on soybean products and biodiesel. The continuation of this trade distorting measure would call for an appropriate reaction from EU biodiesel producers.

Written by Giles Clark, London

Source: Biofuel Review

Growing imports of cheap Argentine biodiesel into Europe are replacing U.S. imports hit by European Union anti-dumping duties in March, Swiss-German biodiesel producer Biopetrol said on Thursday.

“Increasing amounts of indirectly-subsidized biodiesel have been coming to Europe from Argentina since the second quarter,” Biopetrol said in a statement in a statement on its first half 2009 results.

“The EU and the German government are once again called upon to act quickly to give European biodiesel producers the same protection against subsidized imports as in the case of B99 (biodiesel) from the U.S.”

In March, the EU said it would impose punitive duties on imports of biodiesel from the U.S. while an investigation is held into allegations the U.S. green fuel is sold cheaply in Europe with the help of subsidies.

“Biodiesel prices continued to be under heavy pressure, because large inventories of highly subsidized American B99 that had been established in Europe were still being sold on the market,” Biopetrol said.

The company, which in April underwent major financial restructuring, on Thursday posted a dramatic fall in first half 2009 turnover of about 50 percent to 69.7 million euros from 139.8 million euros in the first half of 2008.

Losses before interest and tax (Ebit) rose to 13.7 million euros from a loss of 3.1 million euros in the same time in 2008.

Increased taxes on biodiesel imposed by the German government had brought a “collapse” in petrol station sales of the green fuel in the first half, Biopetrol said.

This could not even be remotely compensated for by Germany increasing maximum-permitted blending of biodiesel in conventional diesel from five percent biofuel content to seven percent, it said.

Germany’s biofuels industry association said on Monday the country’s biodiesel industry is only working at 20 percent of capacity largely because of high taxes.

But Biopetrol said it was “well positioned for the future” after its financial restructuring in April.

(Reporting by Michael Hogan; Editing by Peter Blackburn)

Source: Reuters

The president of the National Agency of Investment Developments, Beatriz Nofal and Jorge Piwko, director of Biodiesel del Plata, announced this morning the inauguration of a biodiesel plant using used vegetables oils.Â

Associated to spanish capitals, Piwko formed the company of renewable energy Ricard Set and with a total investment of u$s1,5 million the plant was built to produce biodiesel with an installed capacity of 1.200 monthly tons of biodiesel and 500 tons of industrial glycerine to 85% concentration, destinated to the export. It is forseen that the commercial production will begin in June.Â

Biodiesel del Plata is developing a plan of biodiesel elaboration starting from the gathering of used vegetables oils that will involve non governmental organizations, public and private schools, and beneficiaries of social plans and street collectors, creating ecological conscience and collaborating in the achievement of a clean and sustainable development in time.Â

This way, this initiative contributes doubly to reduce the levels of contamination. On one hand, because the vegetable oils of domestic use when they are degraded and poured by the drainages, they form films in the water that impede their oxygenation and they complicate the correct purification of the residual waters.Â

On the other hand, the biodiesel possesses aptitude to replace the fossil fuels in any conventional diesel motor providing significant reductions in the emanation of particles and of carbon monoxide in comparison with the petroleum diesel.Â

Also, their biological cycle in the production and the use reduces approximately in 80% the emissions of carbonic anhydride and almost 100% those of sulfur dioxide; and their combustion diminishes in 90% the quantity of total not burned hydrocarbons, and between 75-90% in the aromatic hydrocarbons.Â

ProsperAr will facilitate the access of Biodiesel del Plata to the support programs for the patenting that the national Government ahead is carrying out in the area of Science and Technology as well as the contacts with the authorities of investments of the county of Buenos Aires and their participation in commercial missions and international fairs.Â

Source:Infobae